Bladder Cancer, a Cytogenomic Update.

Objectives: Bladder cancer is a highly heterogeneous malignancy, affecting 600,000 people annually. Approximately 66% of patients will recur within five years; accordingly, accurate diagnosis and intensive surveillance of bladder cancer are crucial for effective treatment. This update aims to consolidate the genetic-molecular understanding of bladder cancer via investigation of the crucial genetic players in bladder cancer. Chief is the 9p21 locus and the genes FGFR3, RB1, HRAS, TP53, TSC1, TERT, HER2, and PIK3CA. Analysis of these genes has been made possible by the development of non-invasive cytogenetic diagnostic tools such as UroVysion FISH. Novel gene therapy for the genes interferon α2b, HER2, and FGFR3, and immunotherapy targeting of frequently mutated transduction pathways are promising treatments.