The Discovery of Common Chromosome Aneuploidies with Medical Implications Through Innovative Analysis of Ancient DNA (aDNA).

Objectives: Two recent studies that re-examined through novel approaches previous shotgun sequencing data from prehistoric/historic Europeans uncovered several autosomal and sex chromosome aneuploidies (Anastasiadou et al., 2024; Rohrlach et al., 2024). These disorders, which are common in contemporary humans, were trisomies 18 and 21, Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY), 47,XYY syndrome, and mosaic Turner syndrome X/XX. These discoveries about prehistoric/historic occurrence of constitutional chromosomal syndromes with high clinical significance in modern medical genetics are an important breakthrough. They contribute to a more comprehensive genetic delineation of past human populations and give impetus to perform more historic/prehistoric studies to discover other contemporary genetic disorders. A molecular profiling of ancient DNA (aDNA) from human remains added to anthropological and archaeological data may also give a broader picture of the social and historical contexts of individuals who were affected by genetic diseases. These advances in the detection of chromosome aneuploidies and previous discoveries of current monogenic syndromes in archaic hominins also highlight the possibility of detecting other genetic diseases of present-day occurrence in our ancestors. As a result, it might be feasible to delineate the evolutionary history of modern genetic diseases, establishing a timeline of their emergence, patterns of mutations, putative mechanisms of selection, and genomic mechanisms involved.