How to Approach Patients with Acute Chest Pain.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is associated with high mortality rates. Although the goal was to achieve a missed diagnosis rate of $<$ 1%, the actual data showed a rate of $>$ 2%. Chest pain diagnosis has remained unchanged over the years and is based on medical interviews and electrocardiograms (ECG), with biomarkers playing complementary roles. We aimed to summarize the key points of medical interviews, ECG clinics, use of biomarkers, and clinical scores, identify problems, and provide directions for future research. Medical interviews should focus on the character and location of chest pain (is it accompanied by radiating pain?) and the duration, induction, and ameliorating factors. An ECG should be recorded within 10 minutes of the presentation. The serial performance of an ECG is recommended for emergency department (ED) evaluation of suspected ACS. Characteristic ECG traces, such as Wellens syndrome and De Winter T-waves, should be understood. Therefore, troponin levels in all patients with suspected ischemic heart disease should be examined using a highly sensitive assay system. Depending on the ED facility, the patient should be risk stratified by serial measurements of cardiac troponin levels (re-testing at one hour would be preferred) to determine the appropriate time to perform an invasive strategy for a definitive diagnosis. The diagnostics should be based on Bayes' theorem; however, care should be taken to avoid the influence of heuristic bias.