Spatial variations in the effective elastic thickness of the Indian Ocean lithosphere

The Indian Ocean lithosphere is a complex assemblage of large igneous provinces, seamounts, plateaus and ridges of different loading ages and tectono-thermal evolution. As a proxy for the strength of tectonic plates, effective elastic thickness (T_e) illustrates the relationship between surface deformation and lithospheric rheology of the diverse provinces in response to long-term tectonic processes. Mapping the spatial variations in lithospheric rheology can aid in understanding the detailed tectono-thermal history of the Indian Ocean. In this paper, we perform an assessment of the spatial variation of T_e for the Indian Ocean from the inversion of the real free-air admittance between free-air gravity anomalies and bathymetry corrected for the effect of density variations within sediments using a continuous wavelet spectral analysis. Incorporating the effect of sediments substantially reduces T_e estimates and better corresponds with the tectonic units in the study region. The results show low overall T_e over the Indian Ocean attributed to magmatism and temperature during a multistage opening process. We further demonstrate that temperature controls the strength of warm and young oceanic lithosphere, evidenced by the positive correlation between T_e and geothermal proxies. Finally, moderately low T_e values at the Southwest Indian Ridge suggest a relatively cold ultraslow lithosphere with sparse magmatism compared to typical mid-ocean ridges.