Nano-biofertilizer an eco-friendly and sustainable approach for the improvement of crops under abiotic stresses

Global crop production is significantly reduced by rapid changes in the climate, either by natural or manmade activities. The frequent application of various fertilizers, has resulted in soil pollution, which is further exacerbated by water scarcity. The indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers has led to devastating consequences such as reduction of soil fertility, environmental contamination, increased insect resistance, destroyed biodiversity, and ultimately resulted in heavy economic losses. Another approach being investigated and explored is the use of biofertilizers, which is a better supplement to improve crop yields without harming the environment. However, a significant challenge lies in the fact that plants cannot utilize whole biofertilizer intact, as much of the portion remained unabsorbed or became part of the soil instead of reaching the targeted site. This problem can be solved by nanotechnology; nano-biofertilizers increase tolerance against abiotic stresses. They improve plant morphology, biochemistry and yield, as well as soil composition. Thus, in comparison to conventional chemical fertilizers, nano-biofertilizer produce eco-friendly, sustainable and longer-lasting outcomes. This paper discusses a review of biofertilizer formulations based on nanotechnology for sustainable agriculture development. The invention and application of nano-biofertilizer on various plant species is highlighted in this paper, along with how it improves the growth and development of plants.