A holistic simulation model of solid-set sprinkler irrigation systems for precision irrigation

In the context of limited resources and a growing demand for food due to an increase in the worldwide population, irrigation plays a vital role, and the efficient use of water is a major objective. In pressurized irrigation systems, water management is linked to high energy requirements, which is especially relevant in sprinkler irrigation. Therefore, decision support models are important for optimizing the design and management of irrigation systems. In this study, a holistic model for solid set irrigation systems (SORA 2024) was developed. This new model integrates hydraulic models at the subunit and plot levels to evaluate the distribution of pressure (EPANET, Rossman in The EPANET programmer’s toolkit for analysis of water distribution systems, Tempe, Arizona, 1999), the discharge and water distribution for each emitter (SIRIAS, Carrion et al. in , Irrig Sci 20(2):73–84, 2001) and the distribution of water applied by all the emitters of the subunit (SORA, Carrión et al. in Irrig Sci 20(2): 73–84, 2001). The integrated model also includes crop simulation (AQUACROP, Steduto et al. in Agron J 101(3), 426–437, 2009). to assess the effect of water distribution on crop production. The objective of this holistic model is to assist in decision-making processes for designing, sizing, upgrading, and managing solid set irrigation systems at the sprinkler level. The new integrated model (SORA 2024) was applied to a 2.84 ha commercial plot with 2 irrigation sectors that grow onion crops (Allium cepa L.). It was used to analyse each irrigation event from a real irrigation season, considering the conditions (pressure, irrigation time/periods, environmental conditions, and so on). The analysis is based on the sprinkler–nozzle combination, working pressure and wind direction and intensity during each irrigation event. The model also accounts for the cumulative effect/impact of all irrigation events on the plot. The model was validated through field trials using the “crop as a sensor” approach (Sarig et al. in , Agron 11(3):2021). To demonstrate the effectiveness of the model, the choice of nozzles in each sprinkler of the subunit was optimized. This is a quick and cost-effective way for farmers to improve their irrigation systems. By using this method, farmers can achieve better uniformity of water application and a slight increase in crop yield while maintaining the same irrigation schedule and amount of water used. Furthermore, the model enables farmers to work at the emitter level while integrating the results for the entire plot. This allows for precise irrigation of variable dosages by using different sprinkler–nozzle combinations in the same subunit. Farmers can do this based on the prior zoning of the plot, which is determined by its productive potential. This justifies the use of different irrigation dosages in each zone.