Discovery and environmental implications of Santorini tephras (Cape Riva and Minoan) in sediments of Lake Yayla (West Anatolia)

Throughout the long eruption history of the Santorini volcano, the Cape Riva/Y-2 and Minoan/Z-2 eruptions had a profound impact on the environment. The Minoan eruptions also had a significant impact on society. These two tephras, as well as the Y-2 tephra individually, have been recorded for the first time in a lacustrine area in western Anatolia. This study examines the geochemical properties of Y-2 (23 cm) and Z-2 tephra layers (19 cm; 14 cm pure and 5 cm mixed) from 18 m sediment cores in Lake Yayla (Denizli-Buldan). Additionally, high-resolution µXRF, fossil pollen, charcoal, and dating analyses were conducted on the cores to determine the chronologies and environmental effects of the tephra layers. Fossil pollen findings show consistent forest and steppe/grassland vegetation before and after the Z-2 tephra, with the forest impact lasting for 240 years after the eruption. Increased aquatic vegetation and changes in specific taxa (e.g. Pinus sp. and Amaranthaceae increased, while Quercus deciduous, Olea europaea, and cereals decreased) were observed following the Minoan eruption. Charcoal analysis indicates heightened fire activity post-Minoan eruption, while XRF data reveal no associated climatic change. At the same time, no correlation has been identified between the Cape Riva eruption and ecological changes (climate, vegetation, and fire activity). Contribution to dating the tephra was provided by radiocarbon dating from the lowest part of the tephra layer (17,684 ± 63 years BP). This study sheds light on the extensive impacts of the Y-2 and Z-2 tephra eruptions, focusing on their dating, geochemistry, environmental effects, tephra transport directions, and thicknesses. It demonstrates the presence of a significant geological event for the settlements in the Büyük Menderes Valley.