{"title":"近距离到远距离星系中的 X 射线风 (X-WING)。I. 对 z ∼ 0-4 范围内具有超快外流和暖吸收体的星系进行的遗留观测","authors":"Satoshi Yamada, Taiki Kawamuro, Misaki Mizumoto, Claudio Ricci, Shoji Ogawa, Hirofumi Noda, Yoshihiro Ueda, Teruaki Enoto, Mitsuru Kokubo, Takeo Minezaki, Hiroaki Sameshima, Takashi Horiuchi, Shoichiro Mizukoshi","doi":"10.3847/1538-4365/ad5961","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"As an inaugural investigation under the X-ray Winds In Nearby-to-distant Galaxies (X-WING) program, we assembled a data set comprising 132 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) spanning redshifts <italic toggle=\"yes\">z</italic> ∼ 0–4 characterized by blueshifted absorption lines indicative of X-ray winds. Through an exhaustive review of previous research, we compiled the outflow parameters for 583 X-ray winds, encompassing key attributes such as outflow velocities (<italic toggle=\"yes\">V</italic>\n<sub>out</sub>), ionization parameters (<italic toggle=\"yes\">ξ</italic>), and hydrogen column densities. By leveraging the parameters <italic toggle=\"yes\">V</italic>\n<sub>out</sub> and <italic toggle=\"yes\">ξ</italic>, we systematically categorized the winds into three distinct groups: ultrafast outflows (UFOs), low-ionization parameter (low-IP) UFOs, and warm absorbers (WAs). Strikingly, a discernible absence of linear correlations in the outflow parameters, coupled with distributions approaching instrumental detection limits, was observed. Another notable finding was the identification of a velocity gap around <italic toggle=\"yes\">V</italic>\n<sub>out</sub> ∼ 10,000 km s<sup>−1</sup>. This gap was particularly evident in the winds detected via absorption lines within the ≲2 keV band, indicating disparate origins for low-IP UFOs and WAs. In cases involving Fe <sc>xxv</sc>/Fe <sc>xxvi</sc> lines, where the gap might be attributed to potential confusion between emission/absorption lines and the Fe K-edge, the possibility of UFOs and galactic-scale WAs being disconnected is considered. An examination of the outflow and dust sublimation radii revealed a distinction: UFOs appear to consist of dust-free material, whereas WAs likely comprise dusty gas. From 2024, the X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission is poised to alleviate observational biases, providing insights into the authenticity of the identified gap, a pivotal question in comprehending AGN feedback from UFOs.","PeriodicalId":22368,"journal":{"name":"The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"X-Ray Winds in Nearby-to-distant Galaxies (X-WING). I. Legacy Surveys of Galaxies with Ultrafast Outflows and Warm Absorbers in z ∼ 0–4\",\"authors\":\"Satoshi Yamada, Taiki Kawamuro, Misaki Mizumoto, Claudio Ricci, Shoji Ogawa, Hirofumi Noda, Yoshihiro Ueda, Teruaki Enoto, Mitsuru Kokubo, Takeo Minezaki, Hiroaki Sameshima, Takashi Horiuchi, Shoichiro Mizukoshi\",\"doi\":\"10.3847/1538-4365/ad5961\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"As an inaugural investigation under the X-ray Winds In Nearby-to-distant Galaxies (X-WING) program, we assembled a data set comprising 132 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) spanning redshifts <italic toggle=\\\"yes\\\">z</italic> ∼ 0–4 characterized by blueshifted absorption lines indicative of X-ray winds. Through an exhaustive review of previous research, we compiled the outflow parameters for 583 X-ray winds, encompassing key attributes such as outflow velocities (<italic toggle=\\\"yes\\\">V</italic>\\n<sub>out</sub>), ionization parameters (<italic toggle=\\\"yes\\\">ξ</italic>), and hydrogen column densities. By leveraging the parameters <italic toggle=\\\"yes\\\">V</italic>\\n<sub>out</sub> and <italic toggle=\\\"yes\\\">ξ</italic>, we systematically categorized the winds into three distinct groups: ultrafast outflows (UFOs), low-ionization parameter (low-IP) UFOs, and warm absorbers (WAs). Strikingly, a discernible absence of linear correlations in the outflow parameters, coupled with distributions approaching instrumental detection limits, was observed. Another notable finding was the identification of a velocity gap around <italic toggle=\\\"yes\\\">V</italic>\\n<sub>out</sub> ∼ 10,000 km s<sup>−1</sup>. This gap was particularly evident in the winds detected via absorption lines within the ≲2 keV band, indicating disparate origins for low-IP UFOs and WAs. In cases involving Fe <sc>xxv</sc>/Fe <sc>xxvi</sc> lines, where the gap might be attributed to potential confusion between emission/absorption lines and the Fe K-edge, the possibility of UFOs and galactic-scale WAs being disconnected is considered. An examination of the outflow and dust sublimation radii revealed a distinction: UFOs appear to consist of dust-free material, whereas WAs likely comprise dusty gas. From 2024, the X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission is poised to alleviate observational biases, providing insights into the authenticity of the identified gap, a pivotal question in comprehending AGN feedback from UFOs.\",\"PeriodicalId\":22368,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":0.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-08-22\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"1085\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ad5961\",\"RegionNum\":0,\"RegionCategory\":null,\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"\",\"JCRName\":\"\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ad5961","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
作为 "近距离到远距离星系中的 X 射线风(X-WING)"计划的首次调查,我们收集了一个数据集,其中包括 132 个活动星系核(AGN),其红移 z ∼ 0-4,其特征是蓝移吸收线表明存在 X 射线风。通过对以往研究的详尽回顾,我们汇编了 583 个 X 射线风的外流参数,包括外流速度(Vout)、电离参数(ξ)和氢柱密度等关键属性。通过利用 Vout 和 ξ 参数,我们将这些风系统地分为三类:超快外流风(UFO)、低电离参数 UFO 和暖吸收风(WAs)。令人震惊的是,外流参数中明显缺乏线性相关关系,而且其分布接近仪器探测极限。另一个值得注意的发现是在 Vout ∼ 10,000 km s-1 附近发现了一个速度差距。这种差距在通过≲2 keV波段内的吸收线探测到的风中尤为明显,表明低IP UFO和WA的起源不同。在涉及铁 xxv/Fe xxvi 线的情况下,差距可能是由于发射线/吸收线和铁 K 边之间的潜在混淆造成的,因此考虑了 UFO 和银河尺度 WAs 互不关联的可能性。对流出半径和尘埃升华半径的研究揭示了两者之间的区别:UFO似乎由无尘物质组成,而WA则可能由含尘气体组成。从 2024 年起,X 射线成像和光谱任务将缓解观测偏差,提供对已发现缺口真实性的见解,这是理解 UFO AGN 反馈的一个关键问题。
X-Ray Winds in Nearby-to-distant Galaxies (X-WING). I. Legacy Surveys of Galaxies with Ultrafast Outflows and Warm Absorbers in z ∼ 0–4
As an inaugural investigation under the X-ray Winds In Nearby-to-distant Galaxies (X-WING) program, we assembled a data set comprising 132 active galactic nuclei (AGNs) spanning redshifts z ∼ 0–4 characterized by blueshifted absorption lines indicative of X-ray winds. Through an exhaustive review of previous research, we compiled the outflow parameters for 583 X-ray winds, encompassing key attributes such as outflow velocities (Vout), ionization parameters (ξ), and hydrogen column densities. By leveraging the parameters Vout and ξ, we systematically categorized the winds into three distinct groups: ultrafast outflows (UFOs), low-ionization parameter (low-IP) UFOs, and warm absorbers (WAs). Strikingly, a discernible absence of linear correlations in the outflow parameters, coupled with distributions approaching instrumental detection limits, was observed. Another notable finding was the identification of a velocity gap around Vout ∼ 10,000 km s−1. This gap was particularly evident in the winds detected via absorption lines within the ≲2 keV band, indicating disparate origins for low-IP UFOs and WAs. In cases involving Fe xxv/Fe xxvi lines, where the gap might be attributed to potential confusion between emission/absorption lines and the Fe K-edge, the possibility of UFOs and galactic-scale WAs being disconnected is considered. An examination of the outflow and dust sublimation radii revealed a distinction: UFOs appear to consist of dust-free material, whereas WAs likely comprise dusty gas. From 2024, the X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission is poised to alleviate observational biases, providing insights into the authenticity of the identified gap, a pivotal question in comprehending AGN feedback from UFOs.