The $\lambda$–$\kappa$–$\mu$ Fading Distribution

In this letter, a $\lambda$ – $\kappa$ – $\mu$ fading distribution is presented to investigate the fading characteristics of the signal amplitude during signal transmission in the nonhomogeneous medium. The exact closed expressions for the probability density function, cumulative distribution function, higher order raw moments, and moment-generating function of $\lambda$ – $\kappa$ – $\mu$ distribution are presented, and verified by the metropolis method. The results reveal that larger values of $\kappa$ , $\mu$ , and $\lambda$ result in higher kurtosis of the envelope curve. In addition, for the same fading scenarios, smaller $\mu$ values result in both higher interruption probabilities and impulses occurring at the origin. Noteworthy is its universality, as $\lambda$ – $\kappa$ – $\mu$ can embrace Nakagami- $m$ , one-sided Gaussian, Rayleigh, and Rice distributions as a special case.