Fallen leaves to sustainable energy solution: review on hydrogen production

Fallen leaves represent a significant feedstock for hydrogen production due to their high cellulose content, abundance, and minimal sulfur content. These characteristics make them suitable for various hydrogen production technologies, including biohydrogen and biomass-derived liquid reforming processes, contributing to sustainable energy production. This comprehensive literature review explores fallen leaves as a low-cost biomass feedstock for hydrogen production in the pursuit of zero-carbon and sustainable energy solutions. Steam methane reforming, while cost-effective and possessing high production capacity, results in substantial carbon emissions. In contrast, electrolysis, leveraging renewable resources, is attractive but requires significant energy input. Biomass gasification and thermochemical processes show promise for sustainable hydrogen production, though further technological advancements are necessary. Additionally, anaerobic fermentation by microorganisms can directly produce hydrogen from biomass (including fallen leaves), offering an energy-efficient method that utilizes organic waste. This review evaluates hydrogen production concerning energy efficiency, economics, and environmental impact. The findings contribute to the global transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, aligning with climate commitments and the goal of carbon neutrality.