Thermo-electron accumulation in light and heavy water during MHz-burst laser ablation

Laser-induced water ablation triggers various physical effects, including atom ionization, optical breakdown of the liquid, phase explosion, cavitation, and shockwave propagation. These effects can be further amplified in heavy water by deuterium-deuterium fusion reactions, which require extremely high energy levels. Laser pulses can be grouped in bursts to achieve the necessary energy within the ablation plasma plume. This study aims to compare the ablation plasma glow and thermal effects in light and heavy water under both single-pulse and burst-mode ultrashort laser irradiation. Notably, this research introduces the novel application of burst laser ablation in heavy water for the first time. The ablation was conducted beneath the water surface along a circular, laser-scanned trajectory, with two distinct ablation regimes: burst mode and single-pulse mode, utilizing lenses with varying focal lengths and different pulse durations. Absorption processes and plasma glow were monitored using visible and infrared detectors, a fast silicon detector, and a thermocouple. The study revealed that the burst regime in heavy water produced the most intense plasma glow when 1 ps laser pulses were used, with shorter pulses yielding less intense glow and the longest pulses yielding the least. Surprisingly, plasma glow at a lower initial power density of 2.6e13 W/cm2 was four times higher than at a higher power density of 8e13 W/cm2. These findings were compared with existing theories on plasma formation in water by ultrashort laser pulses. The observed increase in pulse-to-pulse plasma glow in burst mode was attributed to thermo-electron accumulation effects. The density of excited and hydrated electrons was calculated using both strong-field ionization and avalanche ionization models. Additionally, the influence of pulse parity on burst ablation glow in heavy water was discussed.