CO2 mineralization by typical industrial solid wastes for preparing ultrafine CaCO3: A review

Mineral carbonation is a promising CO sequestration strategy that can utilize industrial wastes to convert CO into high-value CaCO. This review summarizes the advancements in CO mineralization using typical industrial wastes to prepare ultrafine CaCO. This work surveys the mechanisms of CO mineralization using these wastes and its capacities to synthesize CaCO, evaluates the effects of carbonation pathways and operating parameters on the preparation of CaCO, analyzes the current industrial application status and economics of this technology. Due to the large amount of impurities in solid wastes, the purity of CaCO prepared by indirect methods is greater than that prepared by direct methods. Crystalline CaCO includes three polymorphs. The polymorph of CaCO synthesized by carbonation process is determined the combined effects of various factors. These parameters essentially impact the nucleation and growth of CaCO by altering the CO supersaturation in the reaction system and the surface energy of CaCO grains. Increasing the initial pH of the solution and the CO flow rate favors the formation of vaterite, but calcite is formed under excessively high pH. Vaterite formation is favored at lower temperatures and residence time. With increased temperature and prolonged residence time, it passes through aragonite metastable phase and eventually transforms into calcite. Moreover, polymorph modifiers can decrease the surface energy of CaCO grains, facilitating the synthesis of vaterite. However, the large-scale application of this technology still faces many problems, including high costs, high energy consumption, low calcium leaching rate, low carbonation efficiency, and low product yield. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate ways to accelerate carbonation, optimize operating parameters, develop cost-effective agents, and understand the kinetics of CaCO nucleation and crystallization to obtain products with specific crystal forms. Furthermore, more studies on life cycle assessment (LCA) should be conducted to fully confirm the feasibility of the developed technologies.