Samantha McCarlie, Charlotte Boucher-van Jaarsveld, Robert Bragg
{"title":"差异表达分析揭示高抗性沙雷氏菌 HRI 中可能存在新的季铵化合物抗性基因","authors":"Samantha McCarlie, Charlotte Boucher-van Jaarsveld, Robert Bragg","doi":"10.3390/microorganisms12091891","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"During the COVID-19 pandemic, the surge in disinfectant use emphasised their pivotal role in infection control. While the majority of antimicrobial resistance research focuses on antibiotics, resistance to biocides, which are present in disinfectants and sanitisers, is escalating. Serratia sp. HRI is a highly resistant isolate, and through the study of this organism, the molecular mechanisms of resistance may be uncovered. Serratia sp. HRI was treated with the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride in preparation for RNA sequencing. Through mining of the RNA-Seq differential expression data, an uncharacterised Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) efflux pump gene was found to be up-regulated at least four-fold at four different time points of exposure. Real-time PCR revealed this uncharacterised MFS efflux gene was up-regulated after exposure to benzalkonium chloride and two additional disinfectants, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) and VirukillTM. Additionally, expression of this gene was found to be higher at 20 min versus 90 min of exposure, indicating that the up-regulation of this gene is an initial response to biocide treatment that decreases over time. This suggests that MFS efflux pumps may be an initial survival mechanism for microorganisms, allowing time for longer-term resistance mechanisms. This work puts forward a novel biocide resistance gene that could have a major impact on biocide susceptibility and resistance.","PeriodicalId":18667,"journal":{"name":"Microorganisms","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.1000,"publicationDate":"2024-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Differential Expression Analysis Reveals Possible New Quaternary Ammonium Compound Resistance Gene in Highly Resistant Serratia sp. HRI\",\"authors\":\"Samantha McCarlie, Charlotte Boucher-van Jaarsveld, Robert Bragg\",\"doi\":\"10.3390/microorganisms12091891\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"During the COVID-19 pandemic, the surge in disinfectant use emphasised their pivotal role in infection control. While the majority of antimicrobial resistance research focuses on antibiotics, resistance to biocides, which are present in disinfectants and sanitisers, is escalating. Serratia sp. HRI is a highly resistant isolate, and through the study of this organism, the molecular mechanisms of resistance may be uncovered. Serratia sp. HRI was treated with the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride in preparation for RNA sequencing. Through mining of the RNA-Seq differential expression data, an uncharacterised Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) efflux pump gene was found to be up-regulated at least four-fold at four different time points of exposure. Real-time PCR revealed this uncharacterised MFS efflux gene was up-regulated after exposure to benzalkonium chloride and two additional disinfectants, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) and VirukillTM. Additionally, expression of this gene was found to be higher at 20 min versus 90 min of exposure, indicating that the up-regulation of this gene is an initial response to biocide treatment that decreases over time. This suggests that MFS efflux pumps may be an initial survival mechanism for microorganisms, allowing time for longer-term resistance mechanisms. This work puts forward a novel biocide resistance gene that could have a major impact on biocide susceptibility and resistance.\",\"PeriodicalId\":18667,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Microorganisms\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":4.1000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-09-13\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Microorganisms\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"99\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091891\",\"RegionNum\":2,\"RegionCategory\":\"生物学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"MICROBIOLOGY\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Microorganisms","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms12091891","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"MICROBIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
Differential Expression Analysis Reveals Possible New Quaternary Ammonium Compound Resistance Gene in Highly Resistant Serratia sp. HRI
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the surge in disinfectant use emphasised their pivotal role in infection control. While the majority of antimicrobial resistance research focuses on antibiotics, resistance to biocides, which are present in disinfectants and sanitisers, is escalating. Serratia sp. HRI is a highly resistant isolate, and through the study of this organism, the molecular mechanisms of resistance may be uncovered. Serratia sp. HRI was treated with the disinfectant benzalkonium chloride in preparation for RNA sequencing. Through mining of the RNA-Seq differential expression data, an uncharacterised Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) efflux pump gene was found to be up-regulated at least four-fold at four different time points of exposure. Real-time PCR revealed this uncharacterised MFS efflux gene was up-regulated after exposure to benzalkonium chloride and two additional disinfectants, didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) and VirukillTM. Additionally, expression of this gene was found to be higher at 20 min versus 90 min of exposure, indicating that the up-regulation of this gene is an initial response to biocide treatment that decreases over time. This suggests that MFS efflux pumps may be an initial survival mechanism for microorganisms, allowing time for longer-term resistance mechanisms. This work puts forward a novel biocide resistance gene that could have a major impact on biocide susceptibility and resistance.
期刊介绍:
Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607) is an international, peer-reviewed open access journal which provides an advanced forum for studies related to prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms, viruses and prions. It publishes reviews, research papers and communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. Electronic files and software regarding the full details of the calculation or experimental procedure, if unable to be published in a normal way, can be deposited as supplementary electronic material.