Biosensing Technologies for Detecting Legionella in Environmental Samples: A Systematic Review

The detection of Legionella in environmental samples, such as water, is crucial for public health monitoring and outbreak prevention. Although effective, traditional detection methods, including culture-based techniques and polymerase chain reaction, have limitations such as long processing times, trained operators, and the need for specialized laboratory equipment. Biosensing technologies offer a promising alternative due to their rapid, sensitive, cost-effectiveness, and on-site detection capabilities. To summarize the current advancements in biosensor development for detecting Legionella in environmental samples, we used ‘Legionella’ AND ‘biosensors’ NEAR ‘environmental samples’ OR ‘water’ as keywords searching through the most relevant biomedical databases for research articles. After removing duplicates and inadequate articles from the n. 1268 records identified using the PRISMA methodology exclusion criteria, we selected n. 65 full-text articles which suited the inclusion criteria. Different results between the studies describing the current biosensing techniques, including optical, electrochemical, magnetic, and mass-sensitive sensors were observed. For each biosensing technique, sensitivity, specificity, and detection limits were evaluated. Furthermore, the integration of nanomaterials, microfluidics, and portable devices in biosensor systems’ design were discussed, highlighting their role in enhancing detection performance. The potential challenges and future directions in the field of Legionella biosensing were also addressed, providing insights into the feasibility of implementing these technologies in routine environmental monitoring. Undoubtedly, biosensors can play a crucial role in the early detection and management of Legionella infections and outbreaks, ultimately protecting public health and safety.