Biofilm dynamics in space and their potential for sustainable space exploration – A comprehensive review

Microbial biofilms are universal. The intricate tapestry of biofilms has remarkable implications for the environment, health, and industrial processes. The field of space microbiology is actively investigating the effects of microgravity on microbes, and discoveries are constantly being made. Recent evidence suggests that extraterrestrial environments also fuel the biofilm formation. Understanding the biofilm mechanics under microgravitational conditions is crucial at this stage and could have an astounding impact on inter-planetary missions. This review systematically examines the existing understanding of biofilm development in space and provides insight into how molecules, physiology, or environmental factors influence biofilm formation during microgravitational conditions. In addition, biocontrol strategies targeting the formation and dispersal of biofilms in space environments are explored. In particular, the article highlights the potential benefits of using microbial biofilms in space for bioremediation, life support systems, and biomass production applications.