Mechanistic Concepts of Multifaceted Roles of Neurotransmitters Like Signalling Molecules in Plant Responses to Biotic Stress

Signalling molecules which as act neurotransmitters in animal such as acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, melatonin, and histamine, have been identified in several plant species. Recent evidence suggests that compound in plants that act as neurotransmitters in animals are typically involved in signalling mechanism and play multifunctional roles in combating biotic stress in plants. Studies examining the roles of neurotransmitters across various biological kingdoms support their crucial functions as signaling and regulatory compounds. It has been suggested that substances may serve as potential mitigator for biotic and abiotic stress by regulating various physiological processes, such as ion homeostasis, hormonal metabolism, and detoxification of oxidative radicals. It is documented that these substances achieve favourable effects through interactions with various phytohormones. The identification of neurotransmitters like compounds (NLC) as biomarkers in plant stress signaling, coupled with their direct role in stress mitigation, highlights their importance in plant physiology and suggests their potential as targets for developing stress-resistant crops. This review analyzes the plant-associated functions of these signalling molecules and compares their roles across diverse horticultural and field crops. The information gathered from a range of species may provide insights into key issues in plant cell signalling, with implications for understanding both growth, metabolism and stress mitigation phenomena. Additionally, this analysis can offer valuable perspectives to guide futuristic research in the field of plant defense and signaling.