Recent Decade's Power Outage Data Reveals the Increasing Vulnerability of U.S. Power Infrastructure

Despite significant anecdotal evidence regarding the vulnerability of the U.S. power infrastructure, there is a dearth of longitudinal and nation-level characterization of the spatial and temporal patterns in the frequency and extent of power outages. A data-driven national-level characterization of power outage vulnerability is particularly essential for understanding the urgency and formulating policies to promote the resilience of power infrastructure systems. Recognizing this, we retrieved 179,053,397 county-level power outage records with a 15-minute interval across 3,022 US counties during 2014-2023 to capture power outage characteristics. We focus on three dimensions--power outage intensity, frequency, and duration--and develop multiple metrics to quantify each dimension of power outage vulnerability. The results show that in the past ten years, the vulnerability of U.S. power system has consistently been increasing. Counties experienced an average of 999.4 outages over the decade, affecting an average of more than 540,000 customers per county, with disruptions occurring approximately every week. Coastal areas, particularly in California, Florida and New Jersey, faced more frequent and prolonged outages, while inland regions showed higher outage rates. A concerning increase in outage frequency and intensity was noted, especially after 2017, with a sharp rise in prolonged outages since 2019. The research also found positive association between social vulnerability and outage metrics, with the association becoming stronger over the years under study. Areas with higher social vulnerability experienced more severe and frequent outages, exacerbating challenges in these regions. These findings reveal the much-needed empirical evidence for stakeholders to inform policy formulation and program development for enhancing the resilience of the U.S. power infrastructure.