The role of procedural factors on the outcomes of embolization followed by radiosurgery for the treatment of brain arteriovenous malformations: systematic review and proportional meta-analyses

Background

Multimodal therapy for brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVM) with embolization followed by stereotactic radiosurgery (E + SRS) has shown varying outcomes. Its benefits over other treatment modalities have been questioned. The goal of this systematic review was to determine the factors associated with cure and complication rates of this treatment strategy.

Methods

A literature search in Medline and Global Index Medicus, from inception to October 2023, was performed. Studies reporting relevant outcome data from bAVM patients treated with E + SRS were included. Data on several patient, lesion and procedure-related factors were collected. Embolization intent was classified as Targeted (of high-risk features), Devascularizing (feeder embolization/flow reduction) and Occluding (intent-to-cure, nidus embolization). The primary outcome was obliteration rate. Secondary outcomes were post-SRS bleeding (PSB), post-embolization neurological complications (PENC) and post-SRS neurological complications (PSNC). Subgroup analyses included embolic agent, embolization intent and radiosurgery type. Proportional meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed.

Results

Forty-one studies were included in the review. The pooled obliteration rate was 56.45% (95% CI 50.94 to 61.88). Meta-regression analyses showed higher obliteration rates with Copolymers and lower obliteration rates with Devascularizing embolization. The pooled PSB, PENC and PSNC rates were 5.50%, 13.75% and 5.02%, respectively. Meta-regression analyses showed higher rates of PSB, PENC and PSNC with Devascularizing embolization, Liquid & Solid embolic agents and Targeted & Devascularizing intent, respectively.

Conclusion

Embolic agent and embolization intent were procedural factors associated with treatment outcomes of E + SRS in the management of bAVM patients. The efficacy and safety profiles favor copolymers as embolic agents and disfavor Devascularizing as embolization intent.

Study Registration: The protocol of the systematic review was registered in PROSPERO as CRD42023474171.