3+1 D 中采用全相对论玻尔兹曼方法的远离平衡吸引子:分布函数矩和各向异性流 $v_n$

Vincenzo NugaraDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, CataniaINFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy, Vincenzo GrecoDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, CataniaINFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy, Salvatore PlumariDepartment of Physics and Astronomy, University of Catania, CataniaINFN-Laboratori Nazionali del Sud, Catania, Italy
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引用次数: 0

摘要

我们采用 3+1D 共形系统的全相对论玻尔兹曼输运方法,研究了分布函数矩和各向异性流的普遍行为。我们研究了不同的横向系统大小$R$和相互作用强度$\eta/s$,并根据$R$和平均自由路径之间的相互作用确定了普遍性类别;我们表明,每个类别都可以通过不透明度的特定值$\hat\gamma$来确定,该不透明度值之前已在文献中介绍过。我们的结果表明,在早期,分布函数的逆雷诺数和动量矩显示出普遍行为,趋近于由纵向膨胀驱动的一维吸引子。这表明不同大小和相互作用强度的系统倾向于以相似的方式接近平衡。我们详细分析了横向流动的开始如何影响后期的这些力矩。此外,我们研究了谐波流$v_2$、$v_3$、$v_4$及其响应函数的系统大小和$\eeta/s$依赖性,以及$\eeta/s$和系统横向大小对动量空间中初始方位角相关性耗散的影响。最后,我们引入了归一化椭圆流$v_2/v_{2,eq}$,显示了在大不透明度条件下吸引子行为的出现。这些结果为不同系统如何走向平衡以及系统规模和相互作用在这一过程中所起的作用提供了新的见解。
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Far-from-equilibrium attractors with Full Relativistic Boltzmann approach in 3+1 D: moments of distribution function and anisotropic flows $v_n$
We employ the Full Relativistic Boltzmann Transport approach for a conformal system in 3+1D to study the universal behaviour in moments of the distribution function and anisotropic flows. We investigate different transverse system sizes $R$ and interaction strength $\eta/s$ and identify universality classes based upon the interplay between $R$ and the mean free path; we show that each of this classes can be identified by a particular value of the opacity $\hat \gamma$, which has been previously introduced in literature. Our results highlight that, at early times, the inverse Reynolds number and momentum moments of the distribution function display universal behaviour, converging to a 1D attractor driven by longitudinal expansion. This indicates that systems of different sizes and interaction strengths tend to approach equilibrium in a similar manner. We provide a detailed analysis of how the onset of transverse flow affects these moments at later times. Moreover, we investigate the system size and $\eta/s$ dependence for the harmonic flows $v_2$, $v_3$, $v_4$ and their response functions, along with the impact of the $\eta/s$ and the system transverse size on the dissipation of initial azimuthal correlations in momentum space. Finally, we introduce the normalised elliptic flow $v_2/v_{2,eq}$, showing the emergence of attractor behaviour in the regime of large opacity. These results offer new insights into how different systems evolve towards equilibrium and the role that system size and interaction play in this process.
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