Beyond Drug Delivery: Metal–Organic Framework-Derived Nanosystems for Bone Regeneration under Complicated Pathological Microenvironments

The development of tactics to effectively manage various bone illnesses, including bone abnormalities, bone infections, fractures, osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, and malignancies, has become a significant public health concern for achieving optimal bone repair outcomes. Conventionally, bisphosphonates and monoclonal antibody medications have shown partial clinical efficacy in bone regeneration. However, issues such as medication resistance, life-threatening off-target side effects, and poor bioavailability continue to affect the majority of patients. Additionally, surgical interventions like subchondral bone microfracture, lavage, debridement, and shaving are primarily effective for minor bone defects. For severe bone defects, the gold standard treatment involves implanting autologous or allogeneic bone grafts. Nevertheless, these grafts come with challenges, such as donor site complications, immune rejection, infections, and limited tissue availability.