Probabilistic performance evaluation of the class-A device in LoRaWAN protocol on the MAC layer

LoRaWAN is a network technology that provides a long-range wireless network while maintaining low energy consumption. It adopts the pure Aloha MAC protocol and the duty-cycle limitation at both uplink and downlink on the MAC layer to conserve energy. Additionally, LoRaWAN employs orthogonal parameters to mitigate collisions. However, synchronization in star-of-star topology networks and the complicated collision mechanism make it challenging to conduct a quantitative performance evaluation in LoRaWAN. Our previous work proposes a Probabilistic Timed Automata (PTA) model to represent the uplink transmission in LoRaWAN. It is a mathematical model that presents the nondeterministic and probabilistic choice with time passing. However, this model remains a work in progress. This study extends the PTA model to depict Class-A devices in the LoRaWAN protocol. The complete characteristics of LoRaWAN’s MAC layer, such as duty-cycle limits, bidirectional communication, and confirmed message transmission, are accurately modeled. Furthermore, a comprehensive collision model is integrated into the PTA. Various properties are verified using the probabilistic model checker PRISM, and quantitative properties are calculated under diverse scenarios. This quantitative analysis provides valuable insights into the performance and behavior of LoRaWAN networks under varying conditions.