Discovery of metabolite from the insect-derived endophytic Penicillium chrysogenum and their COX-2 inhibitory activity

Three new N-alkylated amino acid derivatives, penichrysoamides A-C (1–3), along with a new citric acid derivative, penichrysoacid A (4), a new chromanone lactone penichrysoacid B (5), and a new amide derivative, penichrysoamide D (6), as well as seven known benzamide derivatives (7–13), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Penicillium chrysogenum derived from the insect Periplaneta americana. The structures of these compounds, including their absolute configurations, were elucidated using spectroscopic and computational techniques. Biological evaluation revealed that compounds 8–13 exhibited significant COX-2 inhibitory activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 275 nM to 1350 nM.