A review of health equity considerations in cochrane reviews of lifestyle interventions for cardiovascular health in adults

Objectives

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global disease burden and rising health-care costs. Systematic reviews (SRs) rigorously evaluate evidence on health interventions' effects and guide personal, clinical, and policy decision-making. Health equity is the absence of avoidable and unfair differences in health between groups within a population. Assessing equity in lifestyle interventions for cardiovascular health is important due to persisting health inequities in CVD burden and access to interventions. We aim to explore how health equity considerations are addressed in Cochrane SRs of lifestyle interventions for cardiovascular health.

Study Design and Setting

This is a methodological review of Cochrane SRs of lifestyle interventions for cardiovascular health using the PROGRESS-Plus framework. PROGRESS-Plus stands for Place of residence, Race/ethnicity/culture/language, Occupation, Gender/sex, Religion, Education, Socioeconomic status, and Social capital, while “Plus” stands for additional factors associated with discrimination and exclusion such as age, disability, and comorbidity. Using predefined selection criteria, two authors independently screened all Cochrane reviews published in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) between August 2017 and December 2022. PROGRESS-Plus factors in the SRs were sought in the Summary of Findings (SoF) table, Methods/Inclusion criteria, Methods/Subgroup analyses, Results/Included studies, Results/Subgroup analyses, and Discussion/Overall completeness and applicability of evidence.

Results

We included 36 SRs published by 10 Cochrane groups, addressing 11 health conditions with mostly dietary and exercise interventions. The most common PROGRESS-Plus factors assessed were gender/sex, age, and comorbidity. PROGRESS-Plus factors were most addressed in the inclusion criteria (64%), the discussion (75%), and the included studies (92%) sections of the SRs. Only 33% of SoF tables referenced PROGRESS-Plus. Sixty-nine percent of the included SRs planned for subgroup analyses across one or more PROGRESS-Plus factors, but only 43% of SRs conducted subgroup analyses, suggesting limited reporting of PROGRESS-Plus factors in primary studies.

Conclusion

Equity factors are not sufficiently addressed in Cochrane reviews of lifestyle interventions for cardiovascular health. Low reporting of PROGRESS-Plus factors in implications for practice and research sections of Cochrane SRs limit equity-focused guidance for current clinical practice, public health interventions, and future research.