Isoliquiritigenin Suppresses Breast Tumor Development by Enhancing Host Antitumor Immunity.

Isoliquiritigen (ISL), a constituent of licorice, has been shown to possess antitumorigenic effects in diverse cancer types. In this study, we observed that ISL suppressed breast tumor development significantly more effectively in immunocompetent mice than in immunocompromised ones. In exploring the cause of such a discrepancy, we detected robust tumor infiltration of CD8[Formula: see text] T lymphocytes in mice treated with ISL, not seen in tumors derived from vehicle-treated mice. Moreover, we found a dramatic reduction in PD-L1 in both experimental breast tumors and cultured breast cancer cells upon ISL treatment. In further experiments, we showed that ISL selectively elevated miR-200c in breast cancer and confirmed that PD-L1 mRNA is the target of miR-200c in both murine and human breast cancer cells. ISL suppression of PD-L1 was functionally linked to miR-200c/ZEB1/2 because (1) ISL diminished ZEB1/2; (2) knockdown of ZEB1/2 led to the disappearance of PD-L1; and (3) miR-200c antagomiR disabled ISL to reduce PD-L1. We found evidence that ISL reduced the level of PD-L1 by simultaneously intercepting the ERK and Src signaling pathways. In agreement with clinical finding that PD-L1 antibodies enhance efficacy of taxane-based therapy, we showed that ISL improved the tumoricidal effects of paclitaxel in an orthopedic murine breast tumor model. This study demonstrates that ISL-led tumor suppression acts through the augmentation of host antitumor immunity.