Atrial fibrillation versus non-atrial fibrillation coronary embolism

Background

Coronary embolism (CE) is an uncommon cause of non-atherosclerotic acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Although atrial fibrillation (AF) is the main cause of CE, evidence of clinical, biochemical, echocardiographic, angiographic findings and outcomes of AF CE is lacking.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 85 consecutive patients with CE that was diagnosed based on criteria encompassing clinical, angiographic and diagnostic imaging findings. We classified patients according to AF CE or non-AF CE.

Results

Forty-five patients presented with AF CE (53%). Patients with AF CE were older (76 ± 12 vs. 63 ± 14 years; p < 0.001) and had more often chronic kidney disease (24% vs. 5%; p = 0.01). AF CE had lower estimated glomerular filtration rate at admission (59 ± 18 vs. 77 ± 16 ml/min/1.73 m²; p < 0.001) and higher brain natriuretic peptide levels (512 ± 417 vs. 210 ± 479 pg/ml; p = 0.02). Coronary arteriography revealed a higher incidence of coronary artery obstruction in the AF CE group (73% vs. 38%; p = 0.001) without differences in interventional management. The AF CE group showed higher left atrial volume index (LAVI) (42 ± 15 vs. 25 ± 12 ml/m²; p < 0.001) and showed lower left atrium ejection fraction (LAEF) (32 ± 17 vs. 49 ± 17%; p = 0.001). In the multivariable analysis AF CE (OR 10 [95% CI 1.04–95; p = 0.046]) and LAEF (OR 0.94 [95% CI 0.88–0.99; p = 0.02]) were associated with worse in-hospital outcomes. Moreover, in the multivariable analysis, prior stroke (OR 12.5 [95% CI 1.1–137; p = 0.04]) and LAVI (OR 1.1 [95% CI 1.03–1.14; p = 0.003]) were independently associated with worse long-term outcomes.

Conclusion

AF CE has specific characteristics compared to non-AF-CE and it is associated with more in-hospital events. Furthermore, atrial cardiopathy is associated with worse in-hospital and long-term outcomes in this setting.