Novel vaccines against lung cancer.

Purpose of review: Despite recent advances in immunotherapy treatment for metastatic, early-stage nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), palliative, adjuvant, neoadjuvant, and perioperative treatment options, further development is needed. Exploring new frontiers of immuno-oncology is necessary. Researchers are interested in a therapeutic vaccination model.

Recent findings: In this paper, we provide a review of the latest lung cancer therapeutic vaccines.We describe strategies for antigen selection and delivery platforms. As of 5th of August 2024, we have reviewed ongoing clinical trials and results.We summarize most of the important clinical trials of novel vaccines, the way of action, and available clinical data. We also discuss the pros and cons of various types of therapeutic vaccines.

Summary: Until recently, clinical trial results were mixed regarding the efficacy of therapeutic vaccines in lung cancer.Developing next-generation sequencing and bioinformatic technologies has helped identify suitable antigens. New personalized vaccines are based on neoantigens specific to unique tumor mutations.Neoantigens, instead of tumor-associated antigens, better delivery systems and adjuvants will improve antigen presentation and immune system activation.Combining these therapeutic vaccines with other therapeutic approaches will improve and prolong the response.