Bluer in the city: urban male lizards exhibit more intense sexual coloration and lower parasite loads than non-urban males.

Urbanization is a global phenomenon that involves the transformation of natural areas into urban spaces, thereby subjecting organisms to new selective pressures including a wide variety of pollutants and changes in intra- and interspecific interactions. Considering that projections indicate that by the year 2050, 65% of the human population will live in urban areas and that urbanization is a phenomenon with an upward pattern, identifying these phenotypic traits is vital to implementing conservation and management plans for urban fauna. The urban environment may exert different selective pressures on sexually selected traits than more pristine environments, a phenomenon which has been well studied in birds but is less understood in other vertebrates such as lizards, although they are common inhabitants of urban environments. Here, we compare sexual coloration, parasite load, and immune response in Sceloporus torquatus lizards in urban and non-urban environments of Central Mexico. Our study shows that sexual coloration is more saturated (bluer) in male lizards from urban environments, while UV chroma was higher in non-urban lizards. The average parasite load is lower in urban lizards than in non-urban lizards, and we found a negative relationship between hemoparasite count and sexual coloration in male lizards from non-urban environments but not in male lizards from urban environments. Additionally, non-urban lizards exhibited a higher immune response. In female lizards, sexual coloration differed significantly between urban and non-urban environments, but parasite load and immune response did not differ. These results may be useful to improve herpetofauna conservation plans in urbanized environments.