吸烟与自主:一代人的烟草终局。

IF 1.6 Q2 ETHICS Monash Bioethics Review Pub Date : 2024-10-03 DOI:10.1007/s40592-024-00207-0
Shazeea Mohamed Ali
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引用次数: 0

摘要

新西兰和马来西亚放弃了实行代际禁烟的计划,因为人们担心这种政策会破坏自主性,与自由民主不相容。本文通过说明吸烟并非自主行为,对这一说法提出质疑。自主需要对偏好、意愿和倾向进行深思熟虑。吸烟者之所以不能自主,是因为三个相关因素:尼古丁成瘾、认知偏差和成瘾的社会心理发展。尼古丁上瘾会产生强烈的生理和心理欲望,以寻求快感和避免戒断。条件反射行为进一步加剧了这种欲望。认知偏差解释了为什么吸烟者的行为会损害他们的健康。社会心理发展解释了吸烟者的大脑如何无法做出理性决定。这种组合使吸烟者无法反思自己的行为,从而无法自主行事。这一立场与密尔的观点是一致的,即贬低自主性的行为不能被视为自主行为。自由主义的捍卫者不应急于否定禁烟令,而是可以通过支持禁烟令来促进自主性。
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Smoking & autonomy: the generational tobacco endgame.

New Zealand and Malaysia have abandoned plans to introduce a generational smoking ban because of concerns that such a policy is incompatible with liberal democracy as it undermines autonomy. This paper challenges this claim by showing that smoking is not an autonomous act. Autonomy requires a deliberation of preferences, wills and inclinations. This does not occur in smokers because of three related factors: nicotine addiction, cognitive biases and psychosocial development in addiction. Nicotine addiction results in strong physical and psychological desires to seek pleasure and to avoid withdrawal. This is further potentiated by conditioned behaviour. Cognitive biases explain why smokers act in ways that are detrimental to their health. Psychosocial development explains how the brains of smokers are unable to make rational decisions. This combination renders smokers unable to reflect on their actions and thus act autonomously. This stance is compatible with Mill's view that actions that devalue autonomy cannot be considered autonomous. Defenders of liberalism should not be quick to dismiss a smoking ban and can instead foster autonomy by supporting it.

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来源期刊
CiteScore
2.70
自引率
6.20%
发文量
16
期刊介绍: Monash Bioethics Review provides comprehensive coverage of traditional topics and emerging issues in bioethics. The Journal is especially concerned with empirically-informed philosophical bioethical analysis with policy relevance. Monash Bioethics Review also regularly publishes empirical studies providing explicit ethical analysis and/or with significant ethical or policy implications. Produced by the Monash University Centre for Human Bioethics since 1981 (originally as Bioethics News), Monash Bioethics Review is the oldest peer reviewed bioethics journal based in Australia–and one of the oldest bioethics journals in the world. An international forum for empirically-informed philosophical bioethical analysis with policy relevance. Includes empirical studies providing explicit ethical analysis and/or with significant ethical or policy implications. One of the oldest bioethics journals, produced by a world-leading bioethics centre. Publishes papers up to 13,000 words in length. Unique New Feature: All Articles Open for Commentary
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