2021 NEDI-Singapore study: an updated inventory of emergency department characteristics.

Introduction: The last national emergency department (ED) inventory was performed in 2007, and major changes in population demographics, healthcare needs and infrastructure have since occurred. We sought to obtain an updated inventory of EDs in Singapore to identify and describe changes in their characteristics and capabilities across the years.

Methods: In 2021, the National Emergency Department Inventories (NEDI) instrument was administered to the leadership of Singapore EDs. Emergency departments in Singapore are opened round the clock, have no restrictions on who can access care and are equipped to handle general medical emergencies. The questionnaire comprises 16 items across three categories: (a) general characteristics, (b) patient volume and (c) medical capabilities.

Results: We achieved 100% response rate from all 17 EDs - nine EDs in public hospitals and eight in private hospitals. In 2021, the EDs saw a total of 1,140,388 visits, an increase of 27% from 2007, with the median number of visits almost doubling (from 39,450 to 77,989); 41% and 59% of the EDs reported over 20% of visits arriving by ambulance and over 20% of visits resulting in inpatient admission, respectively. A clear distinction between public and private EDs across these metrics remained. Medical capabilities grew: 59% had access to a dedicated computed tomography scanner (up from 46%) and 82% had negative pressure isolation facilities (up from 54%). Overall, 41% of EDs self-assessed to be operating above their capacity.

Conclusion: Singapore EDs have progressed in capabilities and capacity. Despite this, the increasing volume, complexity and acuity of patients are imposing strains on the emergency care system, signalling potential for systems improvement.