Solar steam generation enabled by carbon black: The impact of particle size and nanostructure

Here, commercial carbon black (CB) grades are characterized in detail to determine the link between their physicochemical properties and solar steam generation performance. The CB nanoparticles used here have surface mean primary particle diameters of 11–406 nm resulting in specific surface areas of 8–300 m²/g. Thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic light scattering, Raman spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction reveal that fine CB nanoparticles form large agglomerates, have a more disordered nanostructure and larger organic carbon content than coarse CB grades. Most importantly, UV–vis spectroscopy and Mie theory show that increasing the particle size from 14 to 406 nm reduces the light absorption of CB dispersed in water up to 86%. So, the water evaporation flux of suspensions containing 11–14 nm CB nanoparticles is up to 25% larger than that obtained for suspensions of 406 nm particles. Thus, good control of particle size is essential to optimize the solar steam generation enabled by CB.