Premedication for less invasive surfactant administration: a narrative review.

Less invasive surfactant administration (LISA) is an increasingly popular technique to deliver surfactant to spontaneously breathing preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome. The optimal method of alleviating the pain and discomfort associated with LISA, either pharmacological or non-pharmacological, while maintaining spontaneous respiration remains unclear. There is limited evidence to guide clinicians, resulting in wide variations in practice. The aim of this article is to summarise the current knowledge and evidence gaps regarding the use of premedication prior to LISA.