Development and kinematics of the river-damming Cuoduoqin rockslide in the high Three River Region, southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Landslides resulting in complete river blockage have frequently occurred in the Three River Region (TRR) during the geomorphological evolution of the Tibetan Plateau. River-damming landslides occurring in low-relief regions of the TRR have received less attention compared to those in deeply-incised valleys. The 2.5 Mm³ Cuoduoqin rockslide originated from the south-facing hillslope of a southeast-east-trending ridge, leading to complete blockage of the Quzhaqu River. The original failure mainly involves blocky metamorphic limestone and phyllite. The Quzha Lake Fault providing rear rupture and two other groups of joints facilitating sidewise and toe releases are considered predisposing factors contributing to slope instability. Ongoing tectonic uplift and cyclic glaciations are considered preparatory factors, shifting the slope from stable to marginally unstable. A prehistoric earthquake, likely corresponding to an ancient rupture event on the active Nujiang Fault Zone (NJFZ), is deemed as the most probable trigger for this large rock slope failure. The 2D discrete element method (DEM) software UDEC is utilized to analyze the static slope stability and to reproduce the kinematic process of the rockslide. The static analysis indicates that the original rock slope was in equilibrium under natural conditions. The kinematic process can be divided into three phases: initial detachment within seconds after applying seismic load, downslope acceleration after crossing the slope knickpoint, and accumulation after traveling into the valley bottom. This case study, focusing on the development and kinematics of the Cuoduoqin rockslide, can help enhance the understanding of effective risk assessments of landslides in high-altitude and low-relief regions.