A Novel Triple-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for Breast Cancer Detection Systems Fabricated with Recyclable Filaments

Breast cancer ranks as the second most common cause of mortality among women globally, with the potential to increase survival rates by 97% through early detection. This study focuses on developing an innovative triple-band microstrip patch antenna designed to operate within the 2–6 GHz frequency spectrum. Simulation tests were conducted to evaluate its efficacy in early breast cancer detection. The antenna, constructed from copper tape and five different substrates (Felt, FR4, PET, PLA, TPU), was chosen considering its advantages for various applications. This design prioritizes wearer comfort while ensuring functionality and allows for producing antenna structures in desired geometries using 3D printing, even in complex configurations. With a general size of 30 × 30 mm², the antenna underwent analyses on tumor-free models with tumors of different shapes and sizes, and additionally, to evaluate the performance of multiple antennas in detecting cancers, tumor models with 2 and 3 antenna numbers were analyzed in a total of six different breast scenarios. Critical performance parameters such as specific absorption rate (SAR), return loss (S11), and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) were obtained for each generated model. Simulation outcomes indicated SAR values within the permissible threshold for medical applications. Moreover, VSWR values maintained acceptability, while variations in return losses were contingent upon tumor dimensions, location, and the number of antennas used. Furthermore, the antenna’s adaptability to bending was scrutinized through bending analyses, affirming its robustness, and sustained operational capability. One of the significant contributions of the study is the utilization of recyclable filaments such as PLA, TPU, and Protopasta in experimental investigations, providing a pathway for producing environmentally friendly and flexible antennas and breast phantoms. This study offers a way to develop more sensitive and reliable breast cancer screening and early diagnosis tools.