Fabrication of asymmetric supercapacitors by laser processing of activated carbon-based electrodes produced from rice husk waste

The development of supercapacitors (SCs) by using carbon electrodes obtained from biomass waste simultaneously promotes the optimized use of the renewable energy by its high-powered storage, and the reduction of contamination in nature. Such industrial sector would be an excellent opportunity also for the developing nations, promoting their economic growth by the conversion of biowaste into added value goods. However, such carbon may not reach the desired performance for SCs. In this work, we used laser processing technology for enhancing the capacitance of SC electrodes composed of activated carbon obtained from rice husk produced in Nigerian farmlands. The activated carbon powder was synthesized by conventional carbonization-chemical activation processes and treated with microwaves. Afterwards, the CO₂ laser processing of thin film electrodes composed of a mixture of the carbon powder with carbon black (conductive additive), and precursors as urea (for doping of the activated carbon with nitrogen), or manganese nitrate (for the crystallization of pseudocapacitive Mn₃O₄ nanoparticles on the carbon surface) was carried out for obtaining enhanced positrodes and negatrodes. The resulting hybrid electrodes exhibited a 3-fold increase of the capacitance (up to 134 F/g @ 10 mV/s) as compared to the raw carbon in the [0, 0.8] V potential window. Asymmetric SC devices integrated by carbon (-)//carbon-Mn₃O₄ (+) laser-treated electrodes, operating at 1.2 V voltage, revealed up to 300 × higher energy and power densities than symmetric SCs composed of raw carbon electrodes.