Loneliness and teacher-student relationships in children and adolescents: Multilevel cross-cultural meta-analyses of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies

This study synthesized the literature from international and Chinese databases regarding the associations between loneliness and the quality of affective teacher-student relationships (TSRs) among children and adolescents ages 5.34–17.09 years. Forty-seven studies published between 2005 and 2023 were included in a cross-sectional meta-analysis using a multi-level approach. Moderators of the relationship, including culture, study, sample, and measurement characteristics, were also examined. Findings indicated a significant medium effect size (r = −0.226) between loneliness and TSRs with effects moderated by students' gender and national cultural background (i.e., Hofstede's Power Distance and Long-term/Short-term Orientation Dimensions). Longitudinal meta-analyses were performed with six studies by using cross-lagged regression to investigate the prospective effects between these two variables. Results showed that loneliness predicted subsequent TSRs (β = −0.1661) and TSRs predicted subsequent loneliness (β = −0.0917), indicating a reciprocal prospective relationship over time. The findings emphasize not only the role of teachers in students' experiences of loneliness, but also the role that loneliness has on an individual's relationships with others. Recommendations for intervention include (a) increasing teacher awareness of student loneliness and (b) ensuring that any school-based work considers the specific social-cultural perspective.