The Role of Benthic Fluxes in Acidifying the Bottom Waters in the Northern Gulf of Mexico Hypoxic Zone Based on an Updated Water Column Biogeochemical-Seabed Diagenetic and Sediment Transport Model

The seabed and the water column are tightly coupled in shallow coastal environments. Numerical models of seabed-water interaction provide an alternative to observational studies that require concurrent measurements in both compartments, which are hard to obtain and rarely available. Here, we present a coupled model that includes water column biogeochemistry, seabed diagenesis, sediment transport and hydrodynamics. Our model includes realistic representations of biogeochemical reactions in both seabed and water column, and fluxes at their interface. The model was built on algorithms for seabed-water exchange in the Regional Ocean Modeling System and expanded to include carbonate chemistry in seabed. The updated model was tested for two sites where benthic flux and porewater concentration measurements were available in the northern Gulf of Mexico hypoxic zone. The calibrated model reproduced the porewater concentration-depth profiles and benthic fluxes of O₂, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), TAlk, NO₃ and NH₄. We used the calibrated model to explore the role of benthic fluxes in acidifying bottom water during fair weather and resuspension periods. Under fair weather conditions, model results indicated that bio-diffusion in sediment, labile material input and sediment porosity have a large control on the importance of benthic flux to bottom water acidification. During resuspension, the model indicated that bottom water acidification would be enhanced due to the sharp increase of the DIC/TAlk ratio of benthic fluxes. To conclude, our model reproduced the seabed-water column exchange of biologically important solutes and can be used for quantifying the role of benthic fluxes in driving bottom water acidification over continental shelves.