Yilun Ma, 逸伦 马, Andy Goulding, Jenny E. Greene, Nadia L. Zakamska, Dominika Wylezalek, Yan-Fei Jiang and 燕飞 姜
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引用次数: 0
摘要
类星体反馈是影响星系演化的一个关键因素。z = 2-3的极红类星体(ERQs)数量稀少,通常与高速[O iii]λ5008外流有关,可能是强反馈的场所。在本文中,我们对 50 个 ERQ 进行了 X 射线研究,以探究这些引人入胜的天体的 X 射线和外流特性之间的联系。通过硬度比分析,我们证实ERQ是一个严重遮蔽的系统,气体柱密度达到NH = 1023-24 cm-2。我们发现了 20 个未探测到 X 射线的 ERQ,它们的中红外(MIR)光度高达 νLν,6 μm ≳ 3 × 1046 erg s-1。通过叠加 X 射线观测数据,我们发现未被探测到的 ERQ 在 X 射线中的平均亮度要比它们的 MIR 亮度低 ∼ 10 倍。我们认为这种X射线弱光是由于重金属气体吸收和内在因素造成的。此外,我们还发现X射线弱源也显示出较高速度的外流。解释这种趋势的一种方法是,较弱的X射线促进了更强的线驱动风,从而将[O iii]发射气体加速到千帕秒级。另外,超爱丁顿吸积也可能导致内在的X射线弱化和更强大的连续波驱动外流。
Evidence for Intrinsic X-Ray Weakness among Red Quasars at Cosmic Noon
Quasar feedback is a key ingredient in shaping galaxy evolution. A rare population of extremely red quasars (ERQs) at z = 2−3 are often associated with high-velocity [O iii]λ5008 outflows and may represent sites of strong feedback. In this paper, we present an X-ray study of 50 ERQs to investigate the link between the X-ray and outflow properties of these intriguing objects. Using hardness ratio analysis, we confirm that the ERQs are heavily obscured systems with gas column density reaching NH = 1023−24 cm−2. We identify 20 X-ray-nondetected ERQs at high mid-infrared (MIR) luminosities of νLν,6 μm ≳ 3 × 1046 erg s−1. By stacking the X-ray observations, we find that the nondetected ERQs are on average underluminous in X-rays by a factor of ∼10 for their MIR luminosities. We consider such X-ray weakness to be due to both heavy gas absorption and intrinsic factors. Moreover, we find that the X-ray-weak sources also display higher-velocity outflows. One option to explain this trend is that weaker X-rays facilitate more vigorous line-driven winds, which then accelerate the [O iii]-emitting gas to kiloparsec scales. Alternatively, super-Eddington accretion could also lead to intrinsic X-ray weakness and more powerful continuum-driven outflow.