Heteronuclear Polarization Transfer under Steady-State Conditions: The INEPT-SSFP Experiment

NMR finds a wide range of applications, ranging from fundamental chemistry to medical imaging. The technique, however, has an inherently low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)─particularly when dealing with nuclei having low natural abundances and/or low γs. In these cases, sensitivity is often enhanced by methods that, similar to INEPT, transfer polarization from neighboring ¹Hs via J-couplings. In 1958, Carr proposed an alternative approach to increase NMR sensitivity, which involves generating and continuously detecting a steady-state transverse magnetization, by applying a train of pulses on an ensemble of noninteracting spins. This study broadens Carr’s steady-state free precession (SSFP) framework to encompass the possibility of adding onto it coherent polarization transfers, allowing one to combine the SNR-enhancing benefits of both INEPT and SSFP into a single experiment. Herein, the derivation of the ensuing INEPT-SSFP (ISSFP) sequences is reported. Their use in ¹³C NMR and MRI experiments leads to ca. 300% improvements in SNR/ unit time⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯√$\sqrt{\mathrm{unit\; time}}$$\sqrt{\mathrm{unit\; time}}$ over conventional J-driven polarization transfer experiments, and sensitivity gains of over 50% over ¹³C SSFP performed in combination with ¹H decoupling and NOE. These enhancements match well with numerical simulations and analytical evaluations. The conditions needed to optimize these new methods in both spectroscopic and imaging studies are discussed; we also examine their limitations, and the valuable vistas that, in both analytical and molecular imaging NMR, could be opened by this development.