The effect of intensive praziquantel administration on vaccine-specific responses among schoolchildren in Ugandan schistosomiasis-endemic islands (POPVAC A): an open-label, randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND Vaccine responses differ between populations and are often impaired in rural and low-income settings. The reasons for this are not fully understood, but observational data suggest that the immunomodulating effects of parasitic helminths might contribute. We hypothesised that Schistosoma mansoni infection suppresses responses to unrelated vaccines, and that suppression could be reversed-at least in part-by intensive praziquantel administration. METHODS We conducted an open-label, randomised controlled trial of intensive versus standard intervention against S mansoni among schoolchildren aged 9-17 years from eight primary schools in Koome islands, Uganda. Children were randomly allocated to either an intensive group or a standard group with a computer-generated 1:1 randomisation using permuted blocks sizes 4, 6, 8, and 10. Participants in the intensive group received three praziquantel doses (approximately 40 mg/kg) 2 weeks apart before first vaccination at week 0, and every 3 months thereafter. Participants in the standard group were given one dose of approximately 40 mg/kg praziquantel after the week 8 primary endpoint. Participants in both groups received the BCG vaccine (Serum Institute of India, Pune, India) at week 0; the yellow fever (Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France), oral typhoid (PaxVax, London, UK), and first human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination (Merck, Rahway, NJ, USA) at week 4; and the HPV booster and tetanus-diphtheria vaccine (Serum Institute of India) at week 28. The primary outcome was vaccine response at week 8 (except for tetanus and diphtheria, which was assessed at week 52). The primary analysis population was participants who were infected with S mansoni at baseline, determined retrospectively using either plasma circulating anodic antigen (CAA) or stool PCR. The safety population comprised all randomly allocated participants. The trial was registered at the ISRCTN Registry (ISRCTN60517191) and is complete. FINDINGS Between July 9 and Aug 14, 2019, we enrolled 478 participants, with 239 children per group. 276 (58%) participants were male and 202 (42%) participants were female. Among participants who were positive for S mansoni at baseline (171 [72%] in the intensive group and 164 [69%] in the standard group) intensive praziquantel administration significantly reduced pre-vaccination infection intensity (to median 30 CAA pg/mL [IQR 7-223] vs 1317 [243-8562], p<0·001) compared with standard treatment. Intensive praziquantel administration also reduced week 8 HPV-16-specific IgG response (geometric mean ratio 0·71 [95% CI 0·54-0·94], p=0·017), but had no effect on other primary outcomes. Among all participants (regardless of S mansoni status at baseline) intensive praziquantel administration significantly improved week 8 BCG-specific IFNγ ELISpot response (1·20 [1·01-1·43], p=0·038). Recognised adverse effects of praziquantel were reported more frequently in the intensive group. There were no recorded serious adverse events in either group. INTERPRETATION We show evidence suggesting that praziquantel administration improves the BCG-specific cellular response, but not humoral responses to other vaccines. Despite observational evidence that helminths impair vaccine response, these results show minimal immediate benefits of reducing helminth burden. The effect of longer-term helminth control should be investigated. FUNDING UK Medical Research Council. TRANSLATION For the Luganda translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.