Systemic Psychotherapy: An Introduction to Its Theoretical Foundations and Clinical Practice.

Background: Systemic therapy (ST) was approved as a further psychotherapy approach in line with the German Psychotherapy Directive's requirements in 2020 for adults and in 2024 for children and adolescents, and is thus covered by statutory health insurance.

Methods: Selective literature review on the theoretical foundations and clinical practice of ST, including recent meta-analyses of its efficacy.

Results: The theoretical foundations of ST include systems and communication theory, moderate constructivism, the multigenera - tional perspective, and, in some manuals, the attachment perspective. Structural-strategic family therapy and the solution-focused therapy approach are key elements of its clinical practice. ST is mostly provided in individual or multi-person settings. Important interventions include solution-focused and circular questions, positive reframing, genograms, sculptures, tasks, and prescriptions. Several disorder-specific ST manuals have been developed. The efficacy of ST has been evaluated in 7 recent meta-analyses: ST has been found effective against various disorders, both in adults (affective disorders, anxiety/obsessive-compulsive disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, schizophrenia/psychotic disorders) and in children and adolescents (anxiety/obsessive-compulsive disorders, hyperkinetic disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders, and mixed disorders). For example, in the treatment of depression in adults, ST was shown to be superior to no add-on treatment (Hedges g: 1.09, 95% confidence interval [0.78; 1.40]).

Conclusion: ST broadens the scope of treatment options for mental disorders, with a specific focus on their social context.