Annotated checklist of Rubus L. (Rosaceae) from South America.

The diversity of Rubus in South America is much understudied and a taxonomic framework needs to be established as a basis for future revisionary and phylogenetic work. Our review identified 110 names based on South American specimens which were published since 1767. Each name was then classified according to its botanical description and type material. Additionally, where necessary, we suggest appropriate lecto-, neo-, or epitypes. A comprehensive list of synonyms is provided and representative herbarium specimens for each country are cited to tentatively document geographical range. In total, we accept 46 species of Rubus recorded across South America, propose 19 new synonyms, restore R.organensis, previously a synonym of R.brasiliensis, provide a replacement name for the latter, and include new country records of R.azuayensis, R.laegaardii and R.rusbyi. This checklist serves as an essential starting point for future monographic and evolutionary studies on Rubus in South America.