{"title":"生物细胞中的压电和挠电:细胞结构和细胞器的作用。","authors":"Akepogu Venkateshwarlu, Akshayveer, Sundeep Singh, Roderick Melnik","doi":"10.1007/s10237-024-01895-7","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Living tissues experience various external forces on cells, influencing their behaviour, physiology, shape, gene expression, and destiny through interactions with their environment. Despite much research done in this area, challenges remain in our better understanding of the behaviour of the cell in response to external stimuli, including the arrangement, quantity, and shape of organelles within the cell. This study explores the electromechanical behaviour of biological cells, including organelles like microtubules, mitochondria, nuclei, and cell membranes. A two-dimensional bio-electromechanical model for two distinct cell structures has been developed to analyze the behavior of the biological cell to the external electrical and mechanical responses. The piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects have been included via multiphysics coupling for the biological cell. All the governing equations have been discretized and solved by the finite element method. It is found that the longitudinal stress is absent and only the transverse stress plays a crucial role when the mechanical load is imposed on the top side of the cell through compressive displacement. The impact of flexoelectricity is elucidated by introducing a new parameter called the maximum electric potential ratio ( <math><msub><mi>V</mi> <mrow><mi>R</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mtext>max</mtext></mrow> </msub> </math> ). It has been found that <math><msub><mi>V</mi> <mrow><mi>R</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mtext>max</mtext></mrow> </msub> </math> depends upon the orientation angle and shape of the microtubules. The magnitude of <math><msub><mi>V</mi> <mrow><mi>R</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mtext>max</mtext></mrow> </msub> </math> exhibit huge change when we change the shape and orientation of the organelles, which in some cases (boundary condition (BC)-3) can reach to three times of regular shape organelles. Further, the study reveals that the number of microtubules significantly impacts effective elastic and piezoelectric coefficients, affecting cell behavior based on structure, microtubule orientation, and mechanical stress direction. The insight obtained from the current study can assist in advancements in medical therapies such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":489,"journal":{"name":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Piezoelectricity and flexoelectricity in biological cells: the role of cell structure and organelles.\",\"authors\":\"Akepogu Venkateshwarlu, Akshayveer, Sundeep Singh, Roderick Melnik\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10237-024-01895-7\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p>Living tissues experience various external forces on cells, influencing their behaviour, physiology, shape, gene expression, and destiny through interactions with their environment. Despite much research done in this area, challenges remain in our better understanding of the behaviour of the cell in response to external stimuli, including the arrangement, quantity, and shape of organelles within the cell. This study explores the electromechanical behaviour of biological cells, including organelles like microtubules, mitochondria, nuclei, and cell membranes. A two-dimensional bio-electromechanical model for two distinct cell structures has been developed to analyze the behavior of the biological cell to the external electrical and mechanical responses. The piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects have been included via multiphysics coupling for the biological cell. All the governing equations have been discretized and solved by the finite element method. It is found that the longitudinal stress is absent and only the transverse stress plays a crucial role when the mechanical load is imposed on the top side of the cell through compressive displacement. The impact of flexoelectricity is elucidated by introducing a new parameter called the maximum electric potential ratio ( <math><msub><mi>V</mi> <mrow><mi>R</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mtext>max</mtext></mrow> </msub> </math> ). It has been found that <math><msub><mi>V</mi> <mrow><mi>R</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mtext>max</mtext></mrow> </msub> </math> depends upon the orientation angle and shape of the microtubules. The magnitude of <math><msub><mi>V</mi> <mrow><mi>R</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mtext>max</mtext></mrow> </msub> </math> exhibit huge change when we change the shape and orientation of the organelles, which in some cases (boundary condition (BC)-3) can reach to three times of regular shape organelles. Further, the study reveals that the number of microtubules significantly impacts effective elastic and piezoelectric coefficients, affecting cell behavior based on structure, microtubule orientation, and mechanical stress direction. The insight obtained from the current study can assist in advancements in medical therapies such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.</p>\",\"PeriodicalId\":489,\"journal\":{\"name\":\"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology\",\"volume\":null,\"pages\":null},\"PeriodicalIF\":3.0000,\"publicationDate\":\"2024-10-26\",\"publicationTypes\":\"Journal Article\",\"fieldsOfStudy\":null,\"isOpenAccess\":false,\"openAccessPdf\":\"\",\"citationCount\":\"0\",\"resultStr\":null,\"platform\":\"Semanticscholar\",\"paperid\":null,\"PeriodicalName\":\"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology\",\"FirstCategoryId\":\"5\",\"ListUrlMain\":\"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-024-01895-7\",\"RegionNum\":3,\"RegionCategory\":\"医学\",\"ArticlePicture\":[],\"TitleCN\":null,\"AbstractTextCN\":null,\"PMCID\":null,\"EPubDate\":\"\",\"PubModel\":\"\",\"JCR\":\"Q2\",\"JCRName\":\"BIOPHYSICS\",\"Score\":null,\"Total\":0}","platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-024-01895-7","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"BIOPHYSICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
摘要
活体组织的细胞会受到各种外力作用,通过与环境的相互作用影响细胞的行为、生理、形状、基因表达和命运。尽管我们在这一领域开展了大量研究,但要更好地理解细胞在外界刺激下的行为,包括细胞内细胞器的排列、数量和形状,仍然面临挑战。本研究探讨了生物细胞的机电行为,包括微管、线粒体、细胞核和细胞膜等细胞器。我们为两种不同的细胞结构开发了一个二维生物机电模型,以分析生物细胞对外部电气和机械响应的行为。通过多物理耦合,生物细胞的压电效应和挠电效应被包含在内。所有控制方程都已离散化,并通过有限元法求解。研究发现,当机械载荷通过压缩位移施加到细胞顶部时,纵向应力不存在,只有横向应力起关键作用。通过引入一个名为最大电动势比(V R , max)的新参数,阐明了挠电性的影响。研究发现,V R , max 取决于微管的取向角和形状。当我们改变细胞器的形状和方向时,V R , max 的大小会发生巨大变化,在某些情况下(边界条件 (BC)-3)可以达到规则形状细胞器的三倍。此外,研究还揭示了微管数量对有效弹性系数和压电系数的显著影响,从而影响基于结构、微管方向和机械应力方向的细胞行为。本研究获得的洞察力有助于推动组织工程和再生医学等医学疗法的发展。
Piezoelectricity and flexoelectricity in biological cells: the role of cell structure and organelles.
Living tissues experience various external forces on cells, influencing their behaviour, physiology, shape, gene expression, and destiny through interactions with their environment. Despite much research done in this area, challenges remain in our better understanding of the behaviour of the cell in response to external stimuli, including the arrangement, quantity, and shape of organelles within the cell. This study explores the electromechanical behaviour of biological cells, including organelles like microtubules, mitochondria, nuclei, and cell membranes. A two-dimensional bio-electromechanical model for two distinct cell structures has been developed to analyze the behavior of the biological cell to the external electrical and mechanical responses. The piezoelectric and flexoelectric effects have been included via multiphysics coupling for the biological cell. All the governing equations have been discretized and solved by the finite element method. It is found that the longitudinal stress is absent and only the transverse stress plays a crucial role when the mechanical load is imposed on the top side of the cell through compressive displacement. The impact of flexoelectricity is elucidated by introducing a new parameter called the maximum electric potential ratio ( ). It has been found that depends upon the orientation angle and shape of the microtubules. The magnitude of exhibit huge change when we change the shape and orientation of the organelles, which in some cases (boundary condition (BC)-3) can reach to three times of regular shape organelles. Further, the study reveals that the number of microtubules significantly impacts effective elastic and piezoelectric coefficients, affecting cell behavior based on structure, microtubule orientation, and mechanical stress direction. The insight obtained from the current study can assist in advancements in medical therapies such as tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
期刊介绍:
Mechanics regulates biological processes at the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and organism levels. A goal of this journal is to promote basic and applied research that integrates the expanding knowledge-bases in the allied fields of biomechanics and mechanobiology. Approaches may be experimental, theoretical, or computational; they may address phenomena at the nano, micro, or macrolevels. Of particular interest are investigations that
(1) quantify the mechanical environment in which cells and matrix function in health, disease, or injury,
(2) identify and quantify mechanosensitive responses and their mechanisms,
(3) detail inter-relations between mechanics and biological processes such as growth, remodeling, adaptation, and repair, and
(4) report discoveries that advance therapeutic and diagnostic procedures.
Especially encouraged are analytical and computational models based on solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, or thermomechanics, and their interactions; also encouraged are reports of new experimental methods that expand measurement capabilities and new mathematical methods that facilitate analysis.