Advances in the diagnosis and treatment of heterotopic pancreas.

Heterotopic pancreas, a rare congenital malformation, manifests outside the normal pancreas. Research suggests that abnormal embryonic development is linked to the presence of heterotopic pancreas. Three prevailing theories explain its mechanism: Dislocation theory, metaplasia theory, and totipotent stem cell theory. Clinical presentations of heterotopic pancreas are often nonspecific, with most patients being asymptomatic and incidentally discovered during unrelated surgeries or examinations. Endoscopic ultrasound, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging are commonly employed diagnostic tools for heterotopic pancreas. However, the accuracy of diagnosis based on these methods is not consistently high, necessitating histopathological confirmation in many cases. Treatment options for heterotopic pancreas typically involve endoscopic resection, surgical resection, or observation through follow-up.