Buprenorphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, and methadone mortality in the United States (2010‒2017)

Objective

Opioid overdose survivors present to emergency departments (EDs) and many EDs have developed programs to initiate buprenorphine. The impact of the increasing use of buprenorphine in ED and by other providers is unknown while opioid mortality continues to rise. Public mortality data do not distinguish buprenorphine from other prescription opioids. Our objective was to determine when changes in overdose mortality trends occurred comparing deaths involving buprenorphine to oxycodone, hydrocodone, and methadone.

Methods

This observational study utilized the drug-involved mortality database including US death certificates (2010‒2017) in which buprenorphine, oxycodone, hydrocodone, or methadone were contributing causes of death (determined through textual analysis). Population- and drug utilization-adjusted mortality rates were examined using disjointed linear regression. Buprenorphine-involved deaths were stratified by polysubstance involvement.

Results

The population-adjusted mortality rates for buprenorphine-involved deaths were lowest compared to other opioids; however, the change in rate for buprenorphine increased faster than oxycodone, hydrocodone, and methadone at 8.9% each quarter-year (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.0, 9.8) from 2010 to mid-2016 when it stabilized. After adjusting for changes in dispensing over the study period, buprenorphine-involved mortality rates were increasing at 5.3% (95% CI: 4.6, 6.1) each quarter-year. In 2017, 94% buprenorphine-involved deaths had at least one other drug contributing to the cause of death.

Conclusions

Given the low mortality, high proportions of polysubstance mortality, and the mixed agonist/antagonist mechanism of action, use of buprenorphine alone likely presents a lower risk for overdose than comparators. Mortality rose faster than dispensing, signaling need to ensure people understand buprenorphine risks, particularly polysubstance use, balanced against importance for treating opioid use disorders.