Could molecular farming be a game changing paradigm in the production of immune checkpoint inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy?

Plants are considered as an alternative system for a cost-effective production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals, the concept termed as molecular farming. While plant-based production systems have demonstrated success in producing viral vaccines, the application of plant systems to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) production is still in an earlier stage. The plant-derived ICIs have demonstrated efficacy in proof-of-concept studies; however, further research is essential to comprehensively assess their efficacy, safety, and potential for clinical application.