Understanding street-exposure and abuse among street-involved children and youth in Kenya: structural intervention insights from routinely collected program data.

Background: Street-involved children and youth (SICY) face significant challenges, including structural and social exclusion, and multiple forms of abuse. Global estimates indicate there are 10-15 million SICY worldwide, with over 250 000 in Kenya alone. There is limited understanding of the timing of these abuse experiences, which may inform interventional efforts.

Methods: This study analysed relationships between the duration of street exposure, sleep location and experiences of abuse among formerly SICY (aged 6-19 years) in Kenya. Data were collected from participants in the Watoto wa Ahadi Rescue Center programme over a 6-year period (2016-2022). Abuse experiences were categorised into physical, emotional, economic and sexual abuse. Statistical analyses, including Lowess-curve plots and piecewise logit regression, were used to explore the relationships between street exposure duration, sleep location and reported abuse experiences.

Results: The sample consisted of 228 unique children, predominantly male, with a mean age of 13.2 years. Physical abuse (37%), emotional abuse (36%), economic abuse (28%) and any abuse (69%) were common, while sexual abuse (5.7%) was less frequently reported. The probability of experiencing abuse varied with the duration of street exposure, with significant increases observed for those on the street for 3 weeks or more. Sleeping under verandas was associated with higher odds of economic abuse and any type of abuse. Longer street exposure did not further increase the odds of physical, economic or any abuse beyond 10 months.

Conclusions: Children and youth living on the streets experience high levels of abuse, underscoring the need for data-informed, trauma-informed approaches to support their reintegration. The findings highlight the importance of early intervention and tailored strategies that address the specific timing and types of abuse experienced by SICY. Policy and funding should focus on preventing street migration, providing alternative living locations and supporting long-term reintegration efforts to protect and empower SICY.