Middle holocene burial and cultural dynamics at the liang sumpang Karoro 1 site, Maros, Indonesia

This study presents new archaeological evidence from the Liang Sumpang Karoro 1 site in the Maros Regency of South Sulawesi, Indonesia, contributing to our understanding of Toalean cultural practices during the Holocene period. Radiocarbon dating reveals a chronological sequence spanning the Middle Holocene (7424–7260 cal BP) to the Late Holocene (3725–3565 cal BP). A well-preserved secondary human burial dated to the Middle Holocene was discovered, providing insights into Toalean mortuary practices. The burial, associated with Maros points and ochre deposits, adds to the growing evidence of complex funerary rituals in Holocene Southeast Asia. The lithic assemblage, dominated by debitage and micro-debitage, includes Maros points and backed microliths, offering a window into Toalean lithic technology and raw material preferences. Notably, the high proportion of volcanic materials used for lithic production at this site contrasts with patterns observed at other Toalean sites, suggesting localized adaptations. Faunal remains indicate diverse subsistence strategies, including the exploitation of endemic species such as the Celebes warty pig and anoa, with a notable decline in large mammal representation over time. The co-occurrence of Toalean lithic traditions and Austronesian pottery in the Late Holocene layer suggests cultural interactions, though the nature and extent of these interactions require further investigation. While many of our findings align with existing knowledge of Toalean culture, the secondary burial practice and shifts in faunal exploitation offer new insights into Toalean lifeways. This study contributes to our understanding of cultural practices, technological adaptations, and potential long-distance interactions in Holocene Southeast Asia, while also highlighting the need for further comparative research to elucidate patterns of cultural transmission in the region.