The role and mechanism of extracellular traps in chronic rhinosinusitis

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common inflammatory disease of the nose that affects millions of individuals worldwide. Recent research has introduced the concept of an immunologic endotype based on the pathological characteristics of CRS and the types of inflammatory cell infiltration. This endotype concept is conducive to understanding CRS pathology and guiding further targeted therapy. Eosinophils and neutrophils infiltrate different proportions in different CRS endotypes and release extracellular traps (ETs) as a response to the extracellular immune response. The mechanisms of formation and biological roles of ETs are complex. ETs can trap extracellular microorganisms and limit the range of inflammation to some extent; however, excessive and long-term ETs may be related to disease severity. This review summarises and explores the mechanism of ETs and the advances in CRS research and proposes new insights into the interaction between ETs and programmed cell death (including autophagy, pyroptosis, and necroptosis) in CRS, providing new ideas for the targeted therapy of CRS.