Muhammad Ali Javed, Burkhard Maaß, Daniel Zipplies, Markus Richter
{"title":"用于测量镍钛基形状记忆合金和其他金属发射率的黑体空腔仪器","authors":"Muhammad Ali Javed, Burkhard Maaß, Daniel Zipplies, Markus Richter","doi":"10.1007/s10765-024-03433-0","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nickel-titanium (NiTi)-based shape-memory alloys (SMAs) have various applications in biomedicine, actuators, aerospace technologies, and elastocaloric devices, due to their shape-memory and super-elastic effects. These effects are induced in SMAs by a reversible martensitic phase transformation. This transformation can be achieved by applying stress or temperature differences. It is extremely difficult to measure the temperature of NiTi elements with contact thermometers because they disturb the phase transformation phenomenon. An alternative approach is contactless infrared thermography for which accurate emissivity data are mandatory. To determine the temperature distribution in NiTi components with an infrared camera, a newly constructed apparatus is presented to measure the emissivity of metals. For this purpose, a state-of-the-art infrared camera was employed to analyze the emissivity behavior with temperature, especially during the phase transformation. The emissivity of the NiTi samples was systematically studied by comparing them with a reference-quality black body cavity (BBC) having an emissivity better than 0.995. Calibration measurements revealed that the maximum deviation of the BBC temperature measured with the infrared camera was only 0.15% (0.45 K) from its temperature measured with the built-in contact thermometers. The apparatus was validated by measuring the emissivity of a polished aluminum sample and found to be in good agreement with literature data, particularly for temperatures above 340 K. Finally, the emissivity of two rough and one polished NiTi samples was measured covering the temperature range from 313 K to 423 K with an expanded uncertainty of about 0.02 (<span>\\(k=2\\)</span>). The studied NiTi samples have an atomic percent composition of <span>\\(\\hbox {Ni}_{42.5}\\)</span> <span>\\(\\hbox {Ti}_{49.9}\\)</span> <span>\\(\\hbox {Cu}_{7.5}\\)</span> <span>\\(\\hbox {Cr}_{0.1}\\)</span>. We observed that the emissivity of NiTi varies between 0.17 and 0.31 depending on temperature. As the temperature rises, the emissivity increases rapidly during the phase transformation, and it decreases gradually beyond the austenite finish temperature. In addition, the emissivity of NiTi depends on the microstructure of the martensite and austenite phases and the surface roughness of the samples.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":598,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Thermophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.5000,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10765-024-03433-0.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Black Body Cavity Apparatus for Measuring the Emissivity of Nickel-Titanium-Based Shape-Memory Alloys and Other Metals\",\"authors\":\"Muhammad Ali Javed, Burkhard Maaß, Daniel Zipplies, Markus Richter\",\"doi\":\"10.1007/s10765-024-03433-0\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div><p>Nickel-titanium (NiTi)-based shape-memory alloys (SMAs) have various applications in biomedicine, actuators, aerospace technologies, and elastocaloric devices, due to their shape-memory and super-elastic effects. These effects are induced in SMAs by a reversible martensitic phase transformation. This transformation can be achieved by applying stress or temperature differences. It is extremely difficult to measure the temperature of NiTi elements with contact thermometers because they disturb the phase transformation phenomenon. An alternative approach is contactless infrared thermography for which accurate emissivity data are mandatory. To determine the temperature distribution in NiTi components with an infrared camera, a newly constructed apparatus is presented to measure the emissivity of metals. For this purpose, a state-of-the-art infrared camera was employed to analyze the emissivity behavior with temperature, especially during the phase transformation. The emissivity of the NiTi samples was systematically studied by comparing them with a reference-quality black body cavity (BBC) having an emissivity better than 0.995. Calibration measurements revealed that the maximum deviation of the BBC temperature measured with the infrared camera was only 0.15% (0.45 K) from its temperature measured with the built-in contact thermometers. The apparatus was validated by measuring the emissivity of a polished aluminum sample and found to be in good agreement with literature data, particularly for temperatures above 340 K. Finally, the emissivity of two rough and one polished NiTi samples was measured covering the temperature range from 313 K to 423 K with an expanded uncertainty of about 0.02 (<span>\\\\(k=2\\\\)</span>). The studied NiTi samples have an atomic percent composition of <span>\\\\(\\\\hbox {Ni}_{42.5}\\\\)</span> <span>\\\\(\\\\hbox {Ti}_{49.9}\\\\)</span> <span>\\\\(\\\\hbox {Cu}_{7.5}\\\\)</span> <span>\\\\(\\\\hbox {Cr}_{0.1}\\\\)</span>. We observed that the emissivity of NiTi varies between 0.17 and 0.31 depending on temperature. As the temperature rises, the emissivity increases rapidly during the phase transformation, and it decreases gradually beyond the austenite finish temperature. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
镍钛(NiTi)基形状记忆合金(SMA)具有形状记忆和超弹性效应,因此在生物医学、致动器、航空航天技术和弹性装置中有着广泛的应用。这些效应是通过可逆的马氏体相变在 SMA 中产生的。这种转变可以通过施加应力或温差来实现。用接触式温度计测量镍钛元件的温度非常困难,因为它们会干扰相变现象。另一种方法是非接触式红外热成像仪,但必须要有准确的发射率数据。为了用红外热像仪确定镍钛元件的温度分布,本文介绍了一种新构建的测量金属发射率的仪器。为此,我们采用了最先进的红外热像仪来分析发射率随温度变化的行为,尤其是在相变过程中。通过与发射率优于 0.995 的参考质量黑体空腔(BBC)进行比较,系统地研究了镍钛样品的发射率。校准测量显示,用红外相机测量的 BBC 温度与用内置接触式温度计测量的温度相比,最大偏差仅为 0.15%(0.45 K)。通过测量抛光铝样品的发射率对仪器进行了验证,发现与文献数据非常吻合,尤其是在 340 K 以上的温度下。最后,测量了两个粗糙镍钛样品和一个抛光镍钛样品的发射率,温度范围从 313 K 到 423 K,扩展不确定性约为 0.02((k=2\))。所研究的镍钛样品的原子百分组成为:(\hbox {Ni}_{42.5}\) \(\hbox {Ti}_{49.9}\) \(\hbox {Cu}_{7.5}\) \(\hbox {Cr}_{0.1}/)。我们观察到,镍钛的发射率随温度变化在 0.17 和 0.31 之间。随着温度的升高,发射率在相变过程中迅速升高,超过奥氏体终结温度后逐渐降低。此外,镍钛的发射率还取决于马氏体和奥氏体相的微观结构以及样品的表面粗糙度。
Black Body Cavity Apparatus for Measuring the Emissivity of Nickel-Titanium-Based Shape-Memory Alloys and Other Metals
Nickel-titanium (NiTi)-based shape-memory alloys (SMAs) have various applications in biomedicine, actuators, aerospace technologies, and elastocaloric devices, due to their shape-memory and super-elastic effects. These effects are induced in SMAs by a reversible martensitic phase transformation. This transformation can be achieved by applying stress or temperature differences. It is extremely difficult to measure the temperature of NiTi elements with contact thermometers because they disturb the phase transformation phenomenon. An alternative approach is contactless infrared thermography for which accurate emissivity data are mandatory. To determine the temperature distribution in NiTi components with an infrared camera, a newly constructed apparatus is presented to measure the emissivity of metals. For this purpose, a state-of-the-art infrared camera was employed to analyze the emissivity behavior with temperature, especially during the phase transformation. The emissivity of the NiTi samples was systematically studied by comparing them with a reference-quality black body cavity (BBC) having an emissivity better than 0.995. Calibration measurements revealed that the maximum deviation of the BBC temperature measured with the infrared camera was only 0.15% (0.45 K) from its temperature measured with the built-in contact thermometers. The apparatus was validated by measuring the emissivity of a polished aluminum sample and found to be in good agreement with literature data, particularly for temperatures above 340 K. Finally, the emissivity of two rough and one polished NiTi samples was measured covering the temperature range from 313 K to 423 K with an expanded uncertainty of about 0.02 (\(k=2\)). The studied NiTi samples have an atomic percent composition of \(\hbox {Ni}_{42.5}\)\(\hbox {Ti}_{49.9}\)\(\hbox {Cu}_{7.5}\)\(\hbox {Cr}_{0.1}\). We observed that the emissivity of NiTi varies between 0.17 and 0.31 depending on temperature. As the temperature rises, the emissivity increases rapidly during the phase transformation, and it decreases gradually beyond the austenite finish temperature. In addition, the emissivity of NiTi depends on the microstructure of the martensite and austenite phases and the surface roughness of the samples.
期刊介绍:
International Journal of Thermophysics serves as an international medium for the publication of papers in thermophysics, assisting both generators and users of thermophysical properties data. This distinguished journal publishes both experimental and theoretical papers on thermophysical properties of matter in the liquid, gaseous, and solid states (including soft matter, biofluids, and nano- and bio-materials), on instrumentation and techniques leading to their measurement, and on computer studies of model and related systems. Studies in all ranges of temperature, pressure, wavelength, and other relevant variables are included.