Post-intervention control in HIV immunotherapy trials.

Purpose of review: While post-treatment control following interruption of standard-of-care antiretroviral therapy (ART) is well described, post-intervention control following immunotherapy in HIV cure-related clinical trials is less well understood. We provide an overview of recent studies that have identified post-intervention controllers and review the mechanisms that may drive this biologically important phenotype.

Recent findings: Post-intervention controllers have been identified in recent immunotherapy trials testing broadly neutralizing antibodies, immune modulators, modified T cells, checkpoint inhibitors, and gene therapy administered individually or in combination. Currently, there is substantial variability in how each trial defines post-intervention control, as well as in how the mechanisms underlying such control are evaluated. Such mechanisms include ongoing activity of both exogenous and autologous antibodies, as well as changes in HIV-specific T cell function.

Summary: While no therapeutic strategy to date has succeeded in definitively inducing HIV control, many studies have identified at least a small number of post-intervention controllers. The field would benefit from a standardized approach to defining and reporting this phenotype, as well as standardization in the approach to assessment of how it is achieved. Such efforts would allow for comparisons across clinical trials and could help accelerate efforts toward an HIV cure.